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==''The Waste Land'' and its derivatives as a palimpsest==
T.S. Eliot, in his essay "Hamlet and his Problems," introduces the idea of the [[Objective Correlative|objective correlative]], suggesting that the emotional impact of a literary work ought to arise from a sufficient sensible--that is, factual and having to do with the senses--foundation.  The imagery, the word usage, the connotations, and the allusions ought all to support and build up to a particular emotional response in the reader, colouring the reaction to and interpretation of the work.  

The emotional evocation of ''The Waste Land'', accordingly, depends largely on the references and allusions it uses.  For those well-versed in the western literary tradition, the connotations of each phrase and expression may be meaningful, but for the uninitiated, the meaning runs the risk of being obscured.  

At first glance, the scattered images of a hundred different perspectives and interpretations drawn from ''The Waste Land'' can seem hopeless; some  are so constrained to one-to-one interpretation of symbolisms that they seem hackneyed, others come across as so all-encompassing as to say nothing, and still others tend to be emotionally moving but stubbornly unstated and uninterpreted.  Looking at the collection as a whole, however, it takes on a different sort of life.  Just as The Waste Land contains the limited, often blatantly erroneous perspectives of many different perspectives, personalities, and opinions, melding them all into a sort of loose whole, the derivative work that surrounds it begins slowly to have a similar effect.  

It is here that the idea of the palimpsest comes into play.  The Waste Land, with its collection of fragmented vignettes, easily emulates the written, scraped, and rewritten parchment of a palimpsest.  While the derivative works accessible today are, for the most part, quite whole, they still manage to evoke a similar sense of fragmentation due to the sheer volume of material that renders the reader's grasp extremely limited in comparison.  In today's Web 2.0 culture, oversaturated with information that is, more often than not, written off with a "tl;dr" (too long; didn't read) or a demand for SparkNotes, the overload tends to leave many people with a collection of bits and pieces that comprise an overall sense of the whole.  Rather than following a logical progression, they are superimposed over one another like the various layers of a palimpsest, with only the boldest segments standing out.  As a result, it is not necessarily the primary pieces of each "conversation" that comprise the overall meaning; rather, that which is most impactful ends up playing the primary role in the end.

Considering T.S. Eliot's theory of the objective correlative, this raises the question of whether his intent concerning the emotional impact of the poem even comes through.  To the layman who lacks the background of literary tradition necessary to decipher the layers of The Waste Land, for whom derivative works and multimedia play an even larger role in the interpretation of the poem, this question becomes even more relevant.  

One work that stands out as particularly interpretive is [http://youtu.be/6TCZsJV4V5A The Waste Land (The Burial of the Dead)], by Milad and Isabella.  
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The video claims its own point of view on the poem even in direct defiance to Eliot's intent, saying, "It's all based on short episodes and fragmentations that represent the fall of Europe, despite the fact that T.S. Eliot himself denies this interpretation."  The video continues with a quick, loose breakdown of the first section, "The Burial of the Dead," stating one-to-one correlations between given symbols and their interpretations that are, quite frankly, rather pedantic and reductive.  What follows is a collection of images and clips--at times appropriately surrealist, and at others running rather close to literal depictions of the poem's subject matter.  The overall impression that results is one of restriction, of right and wrong answers with nothing in between.

Elsewhere in the vast expanse of ''The Waste Land'' and its web, works like [http://visualandcriticalstudies.wordpress.com/2012/03/01/t-s-eliots-the-waste-land-an-infographic-by-berny-tan/ A Visual Guide to References in T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land], by Berny Tan of the School of Visual Arts, begin to offer a broader overview of the poem in such a way as can be taken like a fragment--in a single glance.  This enormous map lists out a number of different categories of references used in the poem, colour codes them, and proceeds to mark them all out in a series of coloured lines that resembles more closely a DNA assay than a piece of literature.  Quantitative data on a traditionally qualitative, literary work, this guide breaks boundaries and serves as a key, a Rosetta stone, to the everyday reader.  Here, the focus is ''not'' on the interpretation--the authors use the work not to tell the reader what to read, but ''how'' to read it for himself.

Along with the derivative works and spinoffs that comprise the more recent layers of the palimpsest, the option remains to explore such forms of media as played a major or minor role in the inspiration and influences of ''The Waste Land'', to study alternative media archives of Eliot's time, and to pull these older layers into play.  Some have been mostly lost--scraped off by the years and lost between archives.  Others, however, have survived long enough to be digitized and made available for casual or serious study.

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"That Shakespearean Rag" for example, from which are taken the lines "O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag - / It's so elegant / So intelligent," has proven thus far impossible to find.  References are made in other works to the actual song, suggesting its existence at some point in time, but the nearest actual recording that can be found is "That Mysterious Rag" by Irving Berlin and Ted Snyder--supposedly the song off of which "that Shakespeherian Rag" was based.  While we may not be able to verify the actual tune, we can certainly access something of the feel, the abandon, the frivolous contrast to the sterility and bleakness of the poem's landscape.  Such recordings provide some insight into the scene in which the lines appear, especially when paired with the dramatic readings of Fiona Shaw, whose brilliant performance of "My nerves are bad tonight" brings to life the tension between the cheerily domestic housewife and her traumatized, war-veteran partner.  

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Shaw's frenetic exchange between the bleak, empty voice of the veteran and his frivolous, bundle-of-nerves companion truly brings to life the macabre contrasts and the distinct split that takes place as a result of the war.  It is something of an interpretation, but an emotional one that forgoes the lecture to draw the reader in.  In the space of a few minutes, a distinct impression has been made that colours the poem in shades of brown and grey.

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There is no place that appreciates T.S. Eliot’s ''The Waste Land'' more than London. This remarkable city has created a multimedia walk through Eliot’s poem that starts walkers at West Ham and follows a route through the East London Cemetery to the Greenway Path and beyond. Through this walk visitors see and hear different aspects of Eliot’s poem in a different, more tangible manner. Through meaningful landmarks and historical sites, participants draw their own interpretation through images and locations that relate--literally or obliquely--to ''The Waste Land'', i.e. the rose garden at the cemetery where roses grow from cremated ashes and a staging of Madame Sosostris turning her tarot cards.  The walk ends just like the poem past the Saint Mary Woolnoth to the London Bridge. In the middle of the bridge there is a pause and the final lines should be read aloud, “Sweet Thames run softly, til I end my song… / Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata. / Shantih shantih shantih.” While of course there is some degree of ready-made interpretation inherent in the selection of locations, the overall impression of the experience opens up the poem for the reader's interpretation by infusing a fresh life into the lines of the poem.

In addition to emotional interpretations of ''The Waste Land'', many fascinating derivative works exist throughout the web, one of which is Dave Cole's [http://dodge-gallery.com/cgi-bin/DODGE?s=exhibitions&v=20107231670799676536303116 ''Unreal City''] (referring, of course, back to the Unreal City of Eliot's poem).  Cole, who specializes in sculpture, uses objects and ideas of fierce connotation and juxtaposes them in such a way as to change or call into question their usual meaning.  A pair of loaded shotguns is displayed in place of knitting needles for an enormous hanging of spun bronze, a grassy landscape is assembled from carved bullet casings, tank treads are cast in salt, making for an uneasy tension between beauty and destruction, life and war.  The inspiration clearly arises from the dismal, emptied lines of ''The Waste Land'', but they also speak with a voice of their own.  The waste land of this gallery is not the trenches of Europe, but the home turf of the United States; in this way, the artist appears to take the impression he has gleaned from the palimpsest of ''The Waste Land'' and proceeds to write in his own layer.

The constant fluidity that exists in the flurries of information that inhabit the Web 2.0 space has a twofold effect on the legacy of ''The Waste Land''.  The potential for any person of any background to present his or her own interpretations and impressions of the poem causes, on an individual level, the possibility of overinterpretation and obscured meaning; however, as an overall body of work, it can be argued that ''The Waste Land'' is actually given a sort of life and growth.  In a way, ''The Waste Land'' becomes a little less barren.

==Study Aids & Academic Discussion==

[http://visualandcriticalstudies.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/the-waste-land.jpg A Visual Guide to References in T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land]
<br>The Visual and Critical Studies program at School of Visual Arts in New York City has produced an extremely useful visualization that lays out the major categories of allusions and references used in ''The Waste Land''.  Be warned--the image is enormous, but it is a good jumping-off point for an in-depth study of the poem and its rich literary roots.

[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00hlb38 BBC Radio: The Wasteland and Modernity]
<br>A 28-minute discussion of ''The Waste Land'' and Eliot's view of the modern world.  "With Steve Connor, Professor of Modern Literature and Theory at Birkbeck College, University of London; Fran Brearton, Reader in English at Queen’s University, Belfast; Lawrence Rainey, Professor of English and American Literature at the University of York"

[http://www.touchpress.com/titles/thewasteland/ Touch Press: The Waste Land for iPad]
<br> A stylish, fluid, detailed app that combines various mediums to promote thorough understanding and analysis of The Waste Land. The app includes photos, original manuscripts, readings, and a groundbreaking performance of the poem by Fiona Shaw.

==The Waste Land App==
	
===Poem===
The first feature of the app begins with the poem. In addition to the original text, there are several other aspects of this feature that add to the reader's understanding. There is a Notes option on this feature that allows the reader to make personal notes in a digital format. More importantly, the poem feature includes a reader option. One can choose to have the poem read aloud to them by several famous voices. These voices include two different versions of T.S. Elliot, along with Alec Guinness, Ted Hughes, Jeremy Irons and Eileen Atkins, Viggo Mortensen and Fiona Shaw. The two different readings by T.S. Elliot are especially striking. In 1933, Elliot has a much more relaxed tone regarding the poem as opposed to 1947. Elliot's accent also becomes more affected in the 14 year gap. 

===Perspectives===
After reading the original poem, an individual can then move on to the Perspectives section of the app. This feature allows the reader to gain better understanding of the poem through various video perspectives. These perspectives include everything from editors to punk rock artists who were influenced by Elliot's work. The first of these perspectives comes from Seamus Heaney. Heaney, a beloved Irish poet, speaks to readers who are encountering Elliot for the first time. He dictates a process of reading Elliot and then reads several sections aloud. The next perspective on this feature comes from Paul Keegan, a poetry editor at Faber & Faber. He discusses Elliot's collaboration with his editor Ezra Pound. This perspective is especially helpful when reading the manuscripts in another feature on the app. Jim McCue is a leading expert on T.S. Elliot. He gives a detailed history of The Waste Land's publication. Craig Raine is a fellow English poet, critic, and academic. He is known to be one of the leading experts on T.S. Elliot. He discusses Elliot in detail, along with British poets in general and the first World War. His perspective also includes reading a section of "What the Thunder Said." Following Raine is Irish actor Fiona Shaw, whose performance is detailed later in the page. Shaw discusses her feelings about Elliot, along with critics and her impact on the audience. This perspective is especially useful in conjunction with the Performance feature of the app. One of the most interesting perspectives coms from Frank Turner. Turner is a hardcore punk lead singer turned folk singer-songwriter and solo artist. Turner discusses how Elliot's work has influenced his song lyrics. In addition to his personal experience with The Waste Land, he speaks about Bob Dylan's influence, the history of the poem and it's lyrical qualities. The final perspective comes from Jeanette Winterson. Winterson is a famous British author who discusses the difficulty of Elliot's work, it's technological aspect and the Elliot's vision for the future. All of these perspectives can be watched in order or the reader can choose which topic by which author that they would like to view. This feature greatly adds to the academic quality of the app. 

===Manuscripts===
The Manuscripts feature of the app allows the reader to view the original drafts of the poem. They include a lively, handwritten dialogue between T.S. Elliot and his editor, Ezra Pound. The manuscripts give the reader an opportunity to view the progression of the poem, along with edits, changes, and personal thoughts. Any individual hoping to delve deeply into The Waste Land should view these manuscripts in detail. 

===Gallery===
The Gallery section of the app is filled with iconic photos relating to The Waste Land. It includes everything from early photos of Elliot, to scenes and images depicted in the poem. The photos from World War 1 and the impoverished East End of London are especially striking. 

===Readings and Notes===
The Reading section of the app, along with the Note section of the app serve to aid the original feature of the Poem. The readings mentioned above are included in their own section. Additionally, there is a specific section for the reader to organize and categorize their own personal digital notes. 
 
 		 	
===Fiona Shaw Performance===
Exclusive to The Waste Land App is a groundbreaking filmed performance of the entire poem by Fiona Shaw. Filmed in Dublin, the performance runs approximately 37 minutes and includes all five sections of the poem. Shaw's dynamic performance of the poem goes beyond the scope of traditional poetry reading; she creates a number of individual characters, each possessing their own voice, physical posture, facial expressions, and personality. Through her characters, Shaw finds humor in an overwhelmingly bleak piece of literature. Her character voices are comical; her physical gestures are energetic; her facial expressions allow for hints of sarcasm to be carried across Eliot's original words. 

For example, this video of Shaw's performance of The Burial of the Dead contains a scene in which Shaw brings to life the famous Madame Sosostris. Her portrayal of the clairvoyante is captivating, and the viewer feels as if he is having his own fortune read to him. A bubbly, elderly woman, Sosostris clearly contradicts her title as "the wisest woman in Europe." Instead, Shaw highlights the fact that this woman is a fraud. Her humorous justification of the blank card, and the short and snappy conclusion to her reading--a mechanical "thank you" accompanied by an extended and expecting hand--bring serious doubts as to the legitimacy of her profession. The humor of this performance serves to convey Eliot's message that society has begun to search for meaning from the most ridiculous sources because the sources of the past have proven unreliable. 

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Interesting in its own right is the filming technique of the performance itself. Because Shaw's performance is a solo act, there is not a lot of camera work required to capture it. As a result, many of the camera angles are reminiscent of a documentary interview (see image above). Suddenly, each new speaker within the poem becomes, in a sense, its own interview. Rather than a crowd of random voices, these characters get a chance to offer their testimony of their experiences. This can be seen in the opening lines of the poem as Shaw (in character, of course) tells of her memories with her cousin:

     And when we were children, staying at the arch-duke's,
     My cousin's, he took me out on a sled.
     And I was frightened. He said Marie,
     Marie, hold on tight. And down we went.
     In the mountains, there you feel free.
     I read, much of the night, and go south in the winter.

This final line carries new weight when spoken directly to the camera. If unclear before, it is not unmistakable that this is the confession of insomnia caused by traumatic experiences. This interview-style filming makes a fairly inaccessible poem quite personal. Shaw creates troubled characters, and the filming captures her emotional vulnerability for the audience in an intimate setting. As a whole, the series of interview-like segments cause the performance to feel much like a war documentary. Given the context of the poem, this is an entirely appropriate mood. After all, the poem is an exploration of the various responses to World War I; it only makes sense that the 21st Century adaptation of this exploration would mimic the documentary. Each medium--the poem and the documentary--seeks to accomplish the same purpose. Thanks to Shaw's performance and the developers at Touchpress, we are now able to see a blend of both.

==Pieces of Work Influenced By Eliot and The Waste Land==

'''Wilfred Owen''' [[Image:Wilfred owens.jpg]]

Owen was a poet contemporary to Eliot, also writing WWI thematic poetry such as his poem [http://www.englishverse.com/poems/futility Futlity] which speaks of the war dead and futile attempts to wake them from their final slumber, as well as representing the destructive effects the war had on the land.  ''The Waste Land'' has a continuous theme of futility and desolation in Europe following the war. 

Lines from "Futility" stating that "If anything might rouse him now / The kind old sun will know" are reminiscent of pieces of ''[http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/176735 The Waste Land]'' that speak of the dead, such as the zombie scene displayed in the first section of the poem, Burial of the Dead.  The war dead are wandering the streets of London, they are vacant and empty as "death had undone so many" of the people, creating the zombies that the narrator sees.  In Owen's poem "Futility", the same theme of the unknown factor that comes with death is present.  "If anything might rouse him now", such as whatever roused the war dead in ''The Waste Land''

'''Allen Tate''' [[Image:Allen tate pic.jpg]]

Tate, a fan and admirer of both Eliot and ''The Waste Land'', wrote "The Golden Mean", a parody of Eliot's poem.  (http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/tate/life.htm)

'''Ezra Pound'''  [[Image:Ezrapound.jpg]]

Pound, upon first meeting Eliot, was definitely the more famous of the two poets and he was one of the reasons why Eliot found fame so quickly with his work.  Though Eliot is the one most remembered nowadays, the two were incredibly close friends and worked together on many things. ( http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/books/review/McGrath-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0)

'''W.B. Yeats'''  [[Image:Yeats.jpg]]

While Eliot is considered the father of Modernism, Yeats is considered the father of the Irish Renaissance.  Nevertheless, Yeats was influenced by Eliot and his work, a fact that puzzled him.  While Yeats was a well known poet before Eliot came on the scene, Yeats applauded Eliot's first poem and Eliot's influences can be seen in bits and pieces of Yeats' work.  In Eliot's later career, Yeats was a huge antagonist, criticizing and tearing apart not only Eliot's poetry, but his personal life as well. (http://faculty.uscupstate.edu/jpellegrino/articles/yeatsarticle.htm)



'''Other Authors Influenced by Eliot'''

John Dos Passos     ...     Anthony Burgess     ...     Wallace Stevens    ...     Eugenio Montale

Ralph Ellison     ...     Hart Crane     ...     W.H. Auden     ...     Francis Bacon     

Jeanette Winterson     ...     Guy Butler     ...     James Plunkett     ...     Nick Laird

==Music Artists and Songs Influenced by ''The Waste Land''==
One of the apt ways in which the legacy of ''The Waste Land'' has lived on has been through the medium of music. T.S. Eliot once remarked that ''The Waste Land'' was merely "rhythmical grumblings." While it arguably has many qualities that take it beyond sheer "rhythmical grumblings," many a songwriter has found a connection with T.S. Eliot's rhythmic, piecemeal style of poetry. ''The Waste Land'' has invited artists to, in the words of Eliot, "communicate" with poetry before "it's understood."

===Pop Music and ''The Waste Land''===

*The influential American singer-songwriter, artist, and writer '''Bob Dylan''', influenced by Eliot's lines as well as Eliot's style, released the eleven minute song, "Desolation Row" not long after T.S. Eliot's death. The song, filled with allusions and borrowed "broken images" has a modern, mosaic style reminiscent of Eliot's ''The Waste Land.''

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*The popular English folk-punk singer '''Frank Turner''' in an interview found in the "Perspectives" section of ''The Waste Land'' App spoke on Eliot's influence on his song writing: " I wasn't a poetry lover until I met Eliot... I hadn't grasped how devastating poetry could be until I came across Eliot... Reading Eliot gave me a kind of sense of ambition in what one could achieve through words."
Frank Turner has three songs directly influenced by Eliot's poetry.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_ahJwZGLbU The Fisher King Blues]
       *T.S. Eliot incorporated elements of the Arthurian legend of The Fisher King into ''The Waste Land''

==Derivative Works==

===Cover Art===

==== <u>The Waste Land</u> ====

[[Image:The Waste Land Cover 2 final.jpg]] This cover is from the a version of The Waste Land published by W.W. Norton & Company in 2000.

[[Image:The Waste Land Cover 6 final.jpg]] This one is from a copy of The Waste Land published by Vee Press.

[[Image:The Waste Land Cover 8.jpg]] This cover is from the Kindle edition of The Waste Land published by Liveright in September 2013.


==== <u>The Waste Land and Other Poems</u> ====

[[Image:The Waste Land Cover 1 final.jpg]] This is The Waste Land cover for the edition published by Penguin Books in 2003 that also contains some of Eliot's other poems.

[[Image:The Waste Land Cover 11 final.jpg]] This is the cover for a collection of T.S. Eliot's poems, featuring The Waste Land published by Barnes & Noble in 2005.

[[Image:The Waste Land Cover 10 final.jpg]] This cover is from the Kindle edition of The Waste Land and other T.S. Eliot works. It was published by Modern Library in July 2009.


==== <u>Related Works</u> ====

[[Image:The Waste Land Cover 13 final.jpg]] This cover is from an annotated version of The Waste Land published in 2006 by the Yale University Press.

[[Image:The Waste Land Cover 16.jpg]] This is the cover for the Kindle version of "T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land in 999 Words (What Everyone Should Know) published in 2010 by Nimble Books LLC.

[[Image:The Waste Land Cover 12 final.jpg]] This is the cover for the Kindle edition of an illustrated version of The Waste Land. It was published in July 2014 by Heritage Illustrated Publishing.

[[Image:The Waste Land Cover 5.jpg]] This is the cover art for a website entirely devoted to The Waste Land. It's a detail from the painting The Triumph of Death by Pieter Bruegel.

[[Image: The Waste Land Cover 7 final.jpg]] This is the cover art for The Waste Land as read by Robert Speaigh and created by Olga Lehmanns.

[[Image: The Waste Land Cover 9.jpg]] This is the cover of The Waste Land as an audiobook, published by thoughtaudio.com.

Each of these covers is pretty different, but some of them have a common theme; a barren landscape. Even though the poem is titled ''The Waste Land'', is this an appropriate rendering of the poem? Certainly everyone will have their opinion on this, and I don't think there's necessarily a right or wrong answer, but I don't think a picture of deserted wilderness is exactly relevant to this poem. In my reading, I found ''The Waste Land'' to be about people and their interactions with each other. I don't think these landscapes reflect that part of the poem. It has been suggested that Eliot is making a point to say that we need to be generous again and rediscover our empathy; these covers do not reflect that part of the poem. They do, however, accurately reflect the aftermath of a war-torn land. War brings devastation and ravages the land, leaving it scorched, but as the poem says, the land will breed lilacs out of the dead ground again, even after the terrible fighting. These covers depict the first part of that cycle, but not the rebirth and struggle afterwards. ''The Waste Land'' is about combining the past and the future, mixing ancient and modern, but these covers only show one side of that.

===Art Galleries===
[http://dodge-gallery.com/cgi-bin/DODGE?s=exhibitions&v=20107231670799676536303116 ''Unreal City'': Dave Cole]
<br>Dave Cole's ''Unreal City'' features a provocative collection of sculptures that evoke a heavy, unspoken commentary on war, industrialization, and urbanization.  Beware: his choice of materials and subject matter is highly thought-provoking and flammable!

[http://www.landwater-research.co.uk/lw.php?pg=sally-waterman "Visualising The Waste Land: Discovering a praxis of adaptation" - Sally Waterman]
<br>Sally Waterman's "Visualising ''The Waste Land'' explores the role of literary texts in self-reflection, replicating with imagery the sort of emotive effect that T.S. Eliot employs in ''The Waste Land''.

===Other===
[http://throwawayhorse.com/home/2011/04/waste-land/ Martin Rowson’s THE WASTE LAND “SEEN” for iPad]
<br>Martin Rowson’s comic “Seen” is more than just a comic. It is an interactive piece that is based on The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot. People can simply read through this comic portrayed as a film noir murder mystery or they can click on the screen and interact in other ways. The Reader’s Guide allows the reader to relate the comic to the poem with notes that inform which section of the poem the comic is corresponding with. The comic brings forth different themes and allusions derived from Eliot’s poem. Through this app people can find puns, games and jokes related to the work. This app is a gateway to learning about poetry, modernism, film noir and art history. The downside to this comic is that it is only offered as an app on the iPad. 


==Galleries==
A consolidation of works related to ''The Waste Land'', open to contributions.
* [[Images]]
* [[Audio]]
* [[Video]]


==External Links==
[http://aimee-wang.com/comics.html#wasteland Aimee Wang's The Waste Land Comic]

[http://world.std.com/~raparker/exploring/thewasteland/explore.html Exploring The Waste Land]

[http://www.landwater-research.co.uk/lw.php?pg=sally-waterman Visualising The Waste Land: Discovering a praxis of adaptation]

[http://books.google.com/books?id=SCfHnLwWg2MC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=%22Hamlet+and+His+Problems%22&source=web&ots=cq01aXo2KC&sig=gkcaDTGsWPk-1C-vh1f0MNMGRa4&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Books: The Sacred Wood and Major Early Essays]

[http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/jul/30/eliot-waste-land-multimedia-walk TS Eliot's The Waste Land 2012 - A Multimedia Walk]


==See Also==
* [[Objective Correlative]]