Scribner's Magazine

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''Scribner’s Magazine''<ref>[http://modjourn.org/render.php?view=mjp_object&id=1233672898402506]</ref> (1887-1939) was the second publication published from the the New York City firm Scribner’s. Scribner’s Magazine should not be confused with Scribners Monthly that ran from 1870 to 1881. Throughout the life of the magazine many famous and now famous writers were published into the magazine, including Arthur Conan Doyle, E. W. Hornung, Rudyard Kipling, John Galsworthy, Robert Louis Stevenson, Edward Arlington Robinson, Amy Lowell, Edith Wharton, Sara Teasdale, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Scribner’s Magazine has also been known for it’s large amount of advertisements in the publication, along with the famous authors it published. Many other magazines from its time would only print a small number of advertisements, but Scribner’s went against the flow of the rest, with half to over half of the magazine consisting of purely advertisements.
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<br><br>Throughout issues in 1910 Theodore Roosevelt published a continuous article into the magazine, African Game Trails. In these publications TR reflects on his hunts in the plains of Africa and what he faced during these hunts. The question is what effect on the advertisements did his stories have? The answer: little to none.
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===Overview===
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''Scribner’s Magazine''<html><ref></html>[http://modjourn.org/render.php?view=mjp_object&id=1233672898402506], Modernist Journals<html></ref></html> (1887-1939) was the second publication published from the the New York City firm Scribner’s. Scribner’s Magazine should not be confused with its predecessor Scribners Monthly that ran from 1870 to 1881. Throughout the life of the magazine, many famous and up and coming writers were published in the magazine, including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, E. W. Hornung, Rudyard Kipling, John Galsworthy, Robert Louis Stevenson, Edward Arlington Robinson, Amy Lowell, Edith Wharton, Sara Teasdale, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Scribner’s Magazine has also been known for the high number of advertisements sharing space with its numerous authors. Many other magazines from its time only had a few advertisements, but Scribner’s went against the flow of the rest, with half or even more of the magazine consisting of purely advertisements.
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<br><br>Throughout the first 9 issues in 1910, Theodore Roosevelt published a continuous article into the magazine, African Game Trails. In these publications Roosevelt reflects on his hunts in the plains of Africa and what he faced during these hunts.
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<br><br>We wanted to analyze the overall impact on the advertisements and other authors Roosevelt's stories actually had?
  
 
==Text Mining==
 
==Text Mining==
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As depicted in the two embedded Voyant tools, the most frequently occurring words are: new, magazine, and Scribner's. These three words do not say much in regards to Roosevelt's literature. Even the word "Africa", the major topic of Roosevelt's series and part of its title, is quite infrequent - at a count of only 63.
  
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===Cirrus===
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The iframe src attribute below uses a relative protocol to better function with both
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you should add an explicit protocol (https if you're using voyant-tools.org, otherwise
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it depends on this server.
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<iframe style='width: 100%; height: 600px' src='//voyant-tools.org/?view=Cirrus&corpus=9ba8f3952359b70ad532d4098d571dcc'></iframe>
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====Analysis====
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Considering the number of famous authors in Scribner's, one would assume those authors' works to hold more weight in the issues. However, one can see the impact of having almost 50% of the magazine as advertisements has on the text mining. One of the most used words is actually "advertisements" which we found ironic but understandable since Scribner's was one of the very first commercial magazines. Obviously, it's impossible to glean much of anything with this method.
  
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==Trends==
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List of Corpuses:
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http://voyant-tools.org/?corpus=e5b005a744da340373748e89d3fd62f5
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http://voyant-tools.org/?corpus=c2137e008fcd68465abeb8ef9b393336
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http://voyant-tools.org/?corpus=66e8decfc79ac2f0ec14a998d450540a
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http://voyant-tools.org/?corpus=b7df695b2202a124b5274f9d0787547e
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http://voyant-tools.org/?corpus=462615c5c8c25d2a01e478229319204f
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http://voyant-tools.org/?corpus=41e1da012d390ac314030af4a7e553ec
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http://voyant-tools.org/?corpus=b22d7f5c494471aab7a0c4fcfd99f482
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http://voyant-tools.org/?corpus=28c6b1c646b50d1514fa017ef95a4ddf
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http://voyant-tools.org/?corpus=af7a992d2c3c4c0bc2eb74d04a7da5b5
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http://voyant-tools.org/?corpus=f638e8b4ee61c6582f191a3895739c61
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====Vol. 1 Issue 1====
 
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<iframe style='width: 45%; height: 600px' src='//voyant-tools.org/?view=Cirrus&corpus=9ba8f3952359b70ad532d4098d571dcc'></iframe>
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<iframe style='width: 30%; height: 500px' src='//voyant-tools.org/?query=africa*&query=africa&query=hunt*&query=gun*&query=kill*&query=advertisement*&withDistributions=raw&bins=12&docIndex=0&mode=document&view=Trends&corpus=c2137e008fcd68465abeb8ef9b393336'></iframe>
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====Vol. 1 Issue 2====
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<iframe style='width: 100%; height: 800px' src='//voyant-tools.org/?bins=5&view=Trends&corpus=9ba8f3952359b70ad532d4098d571dcc'></iframe>
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<iframe style='width: 30%; height: 500px' src='//voyant-tools.org/?query=kill*&query=gun*&query=africa*&query=hunt*&query=advertisements*&withDistributions=raw&bins=12&docIndex=0&mode=document&view=Trends&corpus=66e8decfc79ac2f0ec14a998d450540a'></iframe>
 
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As depicted in the two Voyant tools embedded, the most frequently occurring words are: new, magazine, and Scribner's". These three words do not explain much regarding Roosevelt's literature. Indeed, even the word "Africa", which is the major topic of Roosevelt, is quite infrequent - at a count of 63. As you can see from the Trends graph, the frequency of related words to Africa or Roosevelt is lacking. Words like "advertisements" occur much more often than any mention of Roosevelt's Africa trip. There seems to be very little correlation between Roosevelt and any advertisements put in by ''Scribner's''. The only pattern to draw from this is that advertisements are quite frequent in ''Scribner's Magazine.''
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====Vol. 1 Issue 3====
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<!-- Exported from Voyant Tools (voyant-tools.org).
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The iframe src attribute below uses a relative protocol to better function with both
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http and https sites, but if you're embedding this into a local web page (file protocol)
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you should add an explicit protocol (https if you're using voyant-tools.org, otherwise
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it depends on this server.
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Feel free to change the height and width values or other styling below: -->
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<iframe style='width: 30%; height: 500px' src='//voyant-tools.org/?query=advertisements*&query=hunt*&query=africa*&query=kill*&query=gun*&withDistributions=raw&bins=12&docIndex=0&mode=document&view=Trends&corpus=b7df695b2202a124b5274f9d0787547e'></iframe>
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====Vol. 1 Issue 4====
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<!-- Exported from Voyant Tools (voyant-tools.org).
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The iframe src attribute below uses a relative protocol to better function with both
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http and https sites, but if you're embedding this into a local web page (file protocol)
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you should add an explicit protocol (https if you're using voyant-tools.org, otherwise
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it depends on this server.
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Feel free to change the height and width values or other styling below: -->
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<iframe style='width: 30%; height: 500px' src='//voyant-tools.org/?query=africa*&query=gun*&query=hunt*&query=advertisements*&query=kill*&withDistributions=raw&bins=12&docIndex=0&mode=document&view=Trends&corpus=462615c5c8c25d2a01e478229319204f'></iframe>
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====Vol. 1 Issue 5====
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<!-- Exported from Voyant Tools (voyant-tools.org).
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The iframe src attribute below uses a relative protocol to better function with both
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http and https sites, but if you're embedding this into a local web page (file protocol)
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you should add an explicit protocol (https if you're using voyant-tools.org, otherwise
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it depends on this server.
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Feel free to change the height and width values or other styling below: -->
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<iframe style='width: 30%; height: 500px' src='//voyant-tools.org/?query=gun*&query=africa*&query=hunt*&query=advertisements*&query=kill*&withDistributions=raw&bins=12&docIndex=0&mode=document&view=Trends&corpus=41e1da012d390ac314030af4a7e553ec'></iframe>
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====Vol. 1 Issue 6====
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<!-- Exported from Voyant Tools (voyant-tools.org).
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The iframe src attribute below uses a relative protocol to better function with both
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http and https sites, but if you're embedding this into a local web page (file protocol)
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you should add an explicit protocol (https if you're using voyant-tools.org, otherwise
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it depends on this server.
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Feel free to change the height and width values or other styling below: -->
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<iframe style='width: 30%; height: 500px' src='//voyant-tools.org/?query=kill*&query=hunt*&query=africa*&query=gun*&query=advertisements*&withDistributions=raw&bins=12&docIndex=0&mode=document&view=Trends&corpus=b22d7f5c494471aab7a0c4fcfd99f482'></iframe>
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====Vol. 2 Issue 1====
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<html>
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<!-- Exported from Voyant Tools (voyant-tools.org).
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The iframe src attribute below uses a relative protocol to better function with both
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http and https sites, but if you're embedding this into a local web page (file protocol)
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you should add an explicit protocol (https if you're using voyant-tools.org, otherwise
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it depends on this server.
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Feel free to change the height and width values or other styling below: -->
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<iframe style='width: 30%; height: 500px' src='//voyant-tools.org/?&query=kill*&query=gun*&query=hunt*&query=africa*&query=advertisements*&withDistributions=raw&bins=12&docIndex=0&mode=document&view=Trends&corpus=28c6b1c646b50d1514fa017ef95a4ddf'></iframe>
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====Vol. 2 Issue 2====
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This issue is improperly digitized, removing multiple sections including all the advertisements and thus inhibiting aggregate analysis.
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====Vol. 2 Issue 3====
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<!-- Exported from Voyant Tools (voyant-tools.org).
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The iframe src attribute below uses a relative protocol to better function with both
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http and https sites, but if you're embedding this into a local web page (file protocol)
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you should add an explicit protocol (https if you're using voyant-tools.org, otherwise
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it depends on this server.
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Feel free to change the height and width values or other styling below: -->
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<iframe style='width: 30%; height: 500px' src='//voyant-tools.org/?query=kill*&query=africa*&query=advertisements*&query=hunt*&query=gun*&withDistributions=raw&bins=12&docIndex=0&mode=document&view=Trends&corpus=f638e8b4ee61c6582f191a3895739c61'></iframe>
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====Post Theodore Roosevelt====
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====Vol. 2 Issue 4====
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<!-- Exported from Voyant Tools (voyant-tools.org).
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The iframe src attribute below uses a relative protocol to better function with both
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http and https sites, but if you're embedding this into a local web page (file protocol)
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you should add an explicit protocol (https if you're using voyant-tools.org, otherwise
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it depends on this server.
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Feel free to change the height and width values or other styling below: -->
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<iframe style='width: 30%; height: 500px' src='//voyant-tools.org/?query=kill*&query=gun*&query=africa*&query=hunt*&query=advertisements*&withDistributions=raw&bins=12&docIndex=0&mode=document&view=Trends&corpus=faa602330557df47335e41780de609a8'></iframe>
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</html>
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====Vol. 2 Issue 5====
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<html>
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<!-- Exported from Voyant Tools (voyant-tools.org).
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The iframe src attribute below uses a relative protocol to better function with both
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http and https sites, but if you're embedding this into a local web page (file protocol)
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you should add an explicit protocol (https if you're using voyant-tools.org, otherwise
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it depends on this server.
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Feel free to change the height and width values or other styling below: -->
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<iframe style='width: 30%; height: 500px' src='//voyant-tools.org/?query=hunt*&query=africa*&query=kill*&query=gun*&query=advertisements*&withDistributions=raw&bins=12&docIndex=0&mode=document&view=Trends&corpus=8a8dd03f1be807aff7f7588d816e0f40'></iframe>
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</html>
  
 
==Publication Timeline==
 
==Publication Timeline==
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==Close Reading==
 
==Close Reading==
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"I did not molest him" -Theodore Roosevelt
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Nine issues of Scribner's Magazine highlight Theodore Roosevelt's journals of his hunting expedition in Africa. Our close reading analyzes both his writing and its effect on the rest of the magazine.
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In each issue, Roosevelt's articles describe all the game he shoots that week. His usual format includes
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====Roosevelt's Writing====
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Theodore Roosevelt led an expedition to Africa to collect specimens for the Smithsonian Museum. In his year long quest, he "collected" 11,400 animal specimens in total.<html><ref></html>[https://face2faceafrica.com/article/theodore-roosevelt-africa], Face 2 Face Africa<html></ref></html> Notably, these included 11 elephants, 20 rhinoceroses, 17 lions, 20 zebras, 7 hippopotamuses, 7 giraffes, 6 buffalo. His expedition began in Mombasa, traveled around much of British East Africa, visited the Belgian Congo, traveled along part of the Nile, and was finally completed in Khartoum.
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In each of the issues of the series, his articles precede all other authors besides the multitude of advertisements. Typically, he begins with a geographic description of his location which continued throughout the issues highlighting the different towns, villages, and tribes he and his troop interacted with. He occasionally describes the individuals they hired as guides. However, it was never more than a fleeting reference to the people. His greater focus was on the many different hunts he conducted. In the series, Roosevelt chronicles many of their daily forays which lead them to much less inhabited regions. He waxes eloquently about the multitude of creatures he kills, sometimes even giving a play by play of stalking these creatures, with a fervor that may very well have sparked the endangerment of many species in Africa in years to come.
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Although his tone and vocabulary are sophisticated in each of the articles, the substance of his writing is focused on the hunting to the detriment of any kind of diversity or complexity across the issues. Though the terrain and people they interact with change, the stories remain the same of Roosevelt collecting specimens for the Smithsonian in a vain attempt at working as a naturalist. Though he never realized it, his lofty goals were undercut by the aforementioned sheer volume of game killed by Roosevelt and his troop, and to think now what he may have done differently.
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==Conclusion==
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====Effects Analysis====
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==Sources==
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As the former president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt was a very influential figure and that influence is quite visible within the pages of Scribner's Magazine. Scribner's advertised Theodore's journals within the advertising sections every issue. They also contained many advertisements for guns and hunting supplies, especially in the latter issues. On average, Theodore's issues contained two to three gun/hunting advertisements. This is contrasted by the issues of Scribner's after his series was gone, which contained few to no gun/hunting advertisements. The presence of Theodore Roosevelt's articles had a direct impact on the types of advertisements present, and it's not unreasonable to conclude that this would have affected the reader base of Scribner's magazine.
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Though no other articles in the magazine directly referenced ''The African Trails'' for the killings which took place, the effects of the image created by a former president of the United States killing thousands of big game animals in the African wild cannot be ignored as many of these animals are currently heavily endangered, and Roosevelt's actions have been oft maligned by historians the world over.
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After all this though, there was some discrepancy in our findings, as not long after Roosevelt's work was done, the magazine's advertisements went back to normal. We were uncertain of the longevity of his effects, and widened the research parameters. In searching out all the impacts of Teddy's series, as well as Scribner's magazine as a whole, a discovery was made: at this time, Scribner's was part of a revolution. As the United States' economy was transforming from an Agrarian to an Industrial one, there was a massive increase in production of unique products, and suddenly a much larger need for increased product distribution. It was at the turn of the century that advertisers began infiltrating magazines, and the commercial magazine was born. Companies were able to sell their products to more people, because advertisements had achieved the largest platform for recognition until then. This is often considered one of the most important changes in magazine history<html><ref></html>[http://library.brown.edu/cds/mjp/pdf/mojp000046.pdf], Magazines in the Twentieth Century<html></ref></html>, its impacts still visible now, as commercialized magazines are one of the longest running marriages the world over, and Scribner's was one of the first examples of this. They were leading the change, as a well established magazine that was only getting more successful as they accepted the inundation of advertisements.
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It turns out that, though Theodore Roosevelt's "The African Trails" was an important piece, its effects are dwarfed in comparison by the massive paradigm shift that just so happened to be happening at the very same time. The birth of the modern magazine was the birth of the commercial magazine, evident in the incredibly high word frequencies of "new" and "advertisement", and Scribner's has been a massive influence on the industry, due in part to the many popular authors like Roosevelt that made the magazine what it was.
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<blockquote class="imgur-embed-pub" lang="en" data-id="a/Ln1wZ"><a href="//imgur.com/Ln1wZ"></a></blockquote><script async src="//s.imgur.com/min/embed.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
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Latest revision as of 06:09, 27 April 2017

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